Kidney infections, also known as pyelonephritis, are a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that occurs when bacteria, and sometimes fungi or viruses, infect one or both kidneys. This condition can be serious and may require immediate medical attention, especially if it spreads to the bloodstream.

Causes:

• Infections: Most commonly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), which originates in the gastrointestinal tract and travels up the urinary tract.
• Spread from Lower UTIs: Often starts as a bladder infection (cystitis) and progresses to the kidneys.
• Blockage or Obstruction: Kidney stones, enlarged prostate, or other obstructions in the urinary tract can increase the risk.
• Catheters or Medical Devices: Increases the likelihood of infections.
• Weakened Immune System: Conditions like diabetes, or use of immunosuppressive drugs, can raise susceptibility.

Symptoms:

1. High fever and chills.
2. Pain in the back, side (flank), or lower abdomen.
3. Frequent or painful urination (dysuria).
4. Cloudy, foul-smelling, or bloody urine.
5. Nausea or vomiting.
6. Fatigue or malaise.
7. The elderly may present with confusion or altered mental status instead of typical symptoms.

Women are more prone as they have a shorter urethra, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder and kidneys.Pregnancy causes hormonal and anatomical changes that increase vulnerability.Obstructions such as Stones, tumors, or anatomical abnormalities lead to increase in risk.Poor glycemic control in diabetics can fuel bacterial growth.

Complications:

• Sepsis: A life-threatening condition if the infection spreads to the bloodstream.
• Kidney Abscess: Pockets of pus can form in or around the kidney.
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):Prolonged or repeated infections may lead to scarring and long-term damage.
• Pregnancy Complications: Can lead to preterm labor or low birth weight if untreated.

Diagnostic Approaches:

• Urinalysis to check for bacteria and white blood cells
• Urine culture to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection
• Imaging studies like CT or ultrasound if recurrent infections occur

Treatment Options:

• Antibiotics tailored to the specific bacteria
• Pain relievers for discomfort
• Increased fluid intake to help flush out bacteria
• In recurrent cases, low-dose antibiotics for prevention

Follow-up Care:

• Completion of prescribed antibiotic course
• Follow-up urine tests to ensure the infection has cleared
• Lifestyle changes to prevent recurrence (e.g., proper hygiene, staying hydrated)
• Investigation of underlying causes in recurrent cases