Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the prostate gland, a small, walnut-shaped gland in men responsible for producing seminal fluid. It is one of the most common cancers in men and often grows slowly, with many cases being asymptomatic for years. Early detection and treatment can lead to excellent outcomes, especially for localized disease.

Types of Prostate Cancer

1. Adenocarcinoma:

• The most common type, originating in the glandular cells that produce prostate fluid.

• Subtypes include:

• Acinar Adenocarcinoma (most common).

• Ductal Adenocarcinoma (more aggressive).

2. Rare Types:

• Small Cell Carcinoma: A rare, aggressive form of prostate cancer.

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Very uncommon and more aggressive.

• Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Starts in the urethra and can spread to the prostate.

Risk Factors

1. Age:

• Risk increases significantly after the age of 50, with most cases diagnosed in men over 65.

2. Family History:

• A family history of prostate cancer or genetic mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2 increases risk.

3. Ethnicity:

• African American men have a higher risk and are more likely to develop aggressive forms of prostate cancer.

4. Diet and Lifestyle:

• High-fat diets, obesity, and sedentary lifestyles may contribute to increased risk.

5. Genetic Factors:

• Inherited genetic syndromes such as Lynch syndrome can elevate the risk.

Symptoms

Early-stage prostate cancer often causes no symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

• Frequent urination, especially at night.

• Weak or interrupted urine flow.

• Difficulty starting or stopping urination.

• Blood in the urine or semen.

• Erectile dysfunction.

• Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area or lower back (in advanced cases).

Diagnosis

1. Screening:

• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test:

• A blood test to measure PSA levels, which may be elevated in prostate cancer.

• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE):

• A physical examination to feel for abnormalities in the prostate.

2. Imaging:

• MRI:

• Provides detailed images of the prostate to locate tumors.

• Ultrasound:

• Often used during biopsies to guide needle placement.

3. Biopsy:

• Core needle biopsy is the gold standard for confirming prostate cancer.

• Tissue samples are analyzed for cancer cells and graded using the Gleason Score.

4. Advanced Testing:

• Molecular Tests:

• Identifies specific genetic mutations for targeted treatment.

• Bone Scans or CT Scans:

• Detect metastasis in advanced stages.

Staging

Prostate cancer is staged using the TNM system:

• T (Tumor): Size and extent of the tumor within the prostate.

• N (Nodes): Involvement of nearby lymph nodes.

• M (Metastasis): Spread to distant organs (e.g., bones, lungs).

Additionally:

• Gleason Score:

• Determines tumor aggressiveness on a scale of 6 to 10.

• Risk Groups:

• Low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk categories guide treatment decisions.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the stage, grade, patient’s overall health, and preferences.

Prevention

While not all cases of prostate cancer can be prevented, risk can be reduced through:

1. Healthy Lifestyle:

• A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

• Regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight.

2. Avoid Smoking:

• Reduces overall cancer risk.

3. Screening:

• Discuss with your doctor about PSA testing, particularly if you have risk factors.

Our comprehensive diagnosis and staging process includes multiple advanced techniques:

• PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) testing and monitoring
• Advanced imaging including multiparametric MRI
• PET-CT scans for precise staging
• Targeted prostate biopsies
• Genomic testing for risk assessment

Treatment at Apollo integrates multiple approaches based on individual cases:

• da Vinci Robotic Surgery for enhanced surgical precision
• Advanced radiation therapy options
• Hormone therapy with latest protocols
• Active surveillance for low-risk cases
• Focal therapy options

Proton Therapy represents a significant advancement in prostate cancer treatment, offering:

• Superior targeting with minimal side effects
• 60% reduction in radiation to surrounding healthy tissues
• 50% lower risk of secondary cancers
• Better preservation of urinary and sexual function

Improved quality of life during and after treatment